Friday, April 10, 2009

Good Friday: Putting to Death the Religious Self

Today is Good Friday. In the Byzantine Church, we read in the Matins service what are known as the 12 gospels. These readings are comprised largely of events in the life of Christ leading up to and including his Passion.

I was struck by a particular theme today. I noticed that those who plotted and called for the crucifixion of Jesus were the religious establishment of his day.

I was struck in particular by John 18:28:

"Then the Jews led Jesus from Caiaphas to the palace of the Roman governor. By now it was early morning, and to avoid ceremonial uncleanness the Jews did not enter the palace; they wanted to be able to eat the Passover."

The same people who were working to have Jesus put to death were worried about ceremonial uncleaness, about religious defilement.

The night before He died, our Lord Jesus Christ told us that "a time is coming when anyone who kills you will think he is offering a service to God."- John 16:2.

The challenge here is for us, those of us who call ourselves believers. Are we, in the words of St. Paul, guilty of "having a form of godliness but denying its power (2 Timothy 3:5)?"

Have we during this past Lent, the Great Fast, restricted our diet, given up meat, cheese, dairy or fish; chocolates or liqour- only to over-eat in the meals we do have? Are we crabby with spouse, family, friends, coworkers, and neighbors, all the while fasting?

We attend the Pre-Sanctified services if we are Greek Catholic, the Stations of the Cross if we are Roman Catholic, but do we spend quality time with our spouse and family, kids- or in our prayer closet with God?

Have we practiced fasting and attended Church services, but ignored issues of social justice and charity for the poor during this great season of Lent?

"You give a tenth of your spices—mint, dill and cummin. But you have neglected the more important matters of the law—justice, mercy and faithfulness. You should have practiced the latter, without neglecting the former."- Matthew 23:23.

If we have, we must not despair, but turn to God, who always ready to forgive. We must acknowledge our failures and sins before our Maker. Consider the parable of the Publican and Pharisee (Luke 18:10-14). We can be like the publican, "God, have mercy on me, a sinner."- Luke 18:13. Our religious self has often been like the self-righteous Pharisee in the parable "I fast twice a week and give a tenth of all I get." - Luke 18:12.

Today, God is put to death and is laid in a tomb; let us confess our sins, and let Him take them with Him into the tomb, to be buried. Our old self is crucified with Christ, and is lain in the tomb with him (Romans 6:3; Galatians 2:20). On Sunday, on Easter, we will arise with Him in glory, and walk in newness of life. This is the promise of our Baptism. This is the promise of God.

But we must acknowledge that sometimes our Old Self is immersed in religion, and that our "form of godliness" must be crucified with Christ, destroyed and buried. Our religious self is sometimes nothing other than another personna of our Old Self, our Sinful Nature. It must be destroyed. As the great Orthodox theologian Alexander Schmemman suggested, Christ died to end religion- but rose again to give us new life in the Spirit.

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Famous Examples of Byzantine Icons

Famous Examples of Byzantine Icons
Theotokos of Vladimir, Protectress of Russia; 12th Century; gift of Patriarch of Constantinople to Grand Duke of Kiev, now in Tretyakov Gallery in Moscow

Andrei Rublev's famous Trinity Icon, early 15th century

Rublev's the Face (Christ the Saviour), 15th Century

Icon Not Made by Human Hand, by Simon Ushakov, Russia, 1658

Weeping Icon of Mariapoch, 17th Century, village of Poch, Hungary

Christ the Pantokrator, 6th century from St. Catherine's Monastery in Sinai

Preobrazhenie (The Transfiguration), Novgorod, 15th Century

Icon of the Dormition of the Mother of God, Novgorod, 13th Century

Christ Pantokrator, Mosaic from Hagia Sophia in Instanbul, end of 9th Century

Theotokos Enthroned, Hagia Sophia in Instanbul, 9th Century

Theotokos & Child, from the Apse of Hagia Sophia in Instanbul

Our Lady of the Sign- often seen on the Apse of Byzantine Churches

Icon of The Holy Protection (Pokrov), one of the most beloved images of the Theotokos in the Slavic Churches

Our Lady of the Gate of Dawn (Ostra Brama), painted by an unknown Lithuanian artist, 1630. Other names for this Icon: Joy of All Joys; Umilenie (Tenderness); Blessed Virgin Mary, Mother of Mercy. Although originally this is a Western style painting, it has been adopted by Byzantine Christians, most notably St. Seraphim of Sarov and the Diveyevo Monastery.
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Byzantine Christians and the Bible

Byzantine Christians and the Bible
Byzantine Christians no less than other Christians- love, cherish and read the Sacred Scriptures. We revere them as the oracles of God (Romans 3.2).

According to Bishop Kallistos Ware in his book, the Orthodox Church, it has been calculated that there are 96 quotes from the Old Testament and 114 quotes from the New Testament in the Divine Liturgy. The services for special feast days are replete with references from and allusions to sacred scripture. Our Sunday and weekday Byzantine Lectionary takes us practically all through the New Testament every year, and there are also readings from the Hebrew Scriptures during Lent, Vespers, and other services, especially major feasts. Traditionally, monks and nuns chant the entire Psalter weekly, and the psalms form the basis of several daily prayer services in the Divine Office, known in the East as the Horologion, or in Slavic Churches, Chasoslov (Часocлoвъ).

We see references to set hours of prayers in the New Testament itself. The Church simply took over the Psalms of the Bible as her prayer book from her elder brother in the faith, the Jews, who chanted the Psalms in the Temple and synagogues daily. References to prayer and prayers in Acts 2.42 and 1 Peter 4.7 in the original Greek use the definite article, and refer to the prayers. It is very likely these texts are referring to set prayers from the Psalms.

In the context of the Divine Liturgy, Christ is truly present when the priest chants the holy gospel, no less than Christ is truly present in bread and wine of the Holy Eucharist. Christ is speaking directly to us, in our midst, at the proclamation of the Gospel. Christ is truly present all through the Holy Sacrifice of the Divine Liturgy, both in the Liturgy of the Word and the Liturgy of the Eucharist. Thus is the Scripture fulfilled which says, "I will dwell in them, and walk among them; and I will be their God, and they shall be my people."- II Corinthians 6.16.

Byzantine theology is based on the Holy Bible and Holy Tradition, including the teaching of the Fathers, but much of the teaching of the Fathers is simply further exposition of the Scriptures themselves.

Many of the Monks, Nuns, and Church fathers memorized large portions of the Bible. St. Seraphim of Sarov, the great 19th Century Russian saint, read the entire New Testament through every week.

In conclusion, those of us in the Byzantine tradition are just as much Bible Christians as any one else. The Word of God is in our hearts! We love the Sacred Scripture and invite you to read them, in hopes that in them you will find the bread of life, comes down from heaven. (c.f. John 6.33).

Search the scriptures, for you think in them to have life everlasting; and the same are they that give testimony of me. - Our Lord, God & Saviour Jesus Christ, in John 5.39

(See the links above on the rights-side panel for reading & searching the Bible on line, and to purchase editions of the Bible recommended by Byzantine Christian)

A page from the Kiev Psalter of 1397 in Church Slavonic. It is also known as the Spiridon Psalter, and is preserved in the Russian National Library
Church Fathers on the Sacred Scripture

Irenaeus (2nd century CE):
"If one carefully reads the Scriptures, he will find there the word on the subject of Christ and the prefiguration of the new calling. He is indeed the hidden treasure in the field — the field in fact is the world — but in truth, the hidden treasure in the Scriptures is Christ. Because he is designed by types and words that humanly are not possible to understand before the accomplishment of all things, that is, Christ's second coming."

Origen (2nd - 3rd century CE):
"The Word of God is in your heart. The Word digs in this soil so that the spring may gush out." Origen also wrote: "[Christ's words] are not only those which he spoke when he became a man and tabernacled in the flesh; for before that time, Christ, the Word of God, was in Moses and the prophets. ...[their words] were filled with the Spirit of Christ."

Jerome (4th- 5th century CE):
"You are reading? No. Your betrothed is talking to you. It is your betrothed, that is, Christ, who is united with you. He tears you away from the solitude of the desert and brings you into his home, saying to you, 'Enter into the joy of your Master.'" Jerome also famously wrote, “Ignorance of the Scripture is ignorance of Christ.”

John Chrysostom (4th- 5th century CE):
"Listen carefully to me. Procure books [of the Bible] that will be medicines for the soul. At least get a copy of the New Testament, the Apostle's epistles, the Acts, the Gospels, for your constant teachers. If you encounter grief, dive into them as into a chest of medicines; take from them comfort for your trouble, whether it be loss, or death, or bereavement over the loss of relations. Don't simply dive into them. Swim in them. Keep them constantly in your mind. The cause of all evils is the failure to know the Scriptures well."


Coptic Bible

Oriental Churches

Oriental Churches
Coptic Icon of St. Mark, Writer of the Gospel and Founder of the Coptic Church

Ethiopian Orthodox Liturgy

Fr. Bede Griffiths celebrating the Holy Qurbono (The Mass) according to the Syro-Malankara Rite

His Holiness Karekin II, Catholicos and Supreme Patriarch of All Armenians

Mar Dinkha IV is is the current Catholicos-Patriarch of the Assyrian Church of the East

An official photo of Pope Shenouda III, 117th Pope of Alexandria and Patriarch of All Africa on the Apostolic Throne of St Mark

Coptic Icon of St. Anthony & St. Paul

Coptic Christian Church Relief Wall