Tuesday, March 3, 2009

Lenten Reflection: The Tongue

Your tongue longs to jump into argument, but restrain it. It is a tyrant, and you might fight it daily seventy times seven...from the Ladder of Divine Ascent, by St. John Climacus

For in many things we all offend. If any man offend not in word, the same is a perfect man. He is able also with a bridle to lead about the whole body. For if we put bits into the mouths of horses, that they may obey us, and we turn about their whole body. Behold also ships, whereas they are great, and are driven by strong winds, yet are they turned about with a small helm, whithersoever the force of the governor willeth. Even so the tongue is indeed a little member, and boasteth great things. Behold how small a fire kindleth a great wood. And the tongue is a fire, a world of iniquity. The tongue is placed among our members, which defileth the whole body, and inflameth the wheel of our nativity, being set on fire by hell. For every nature of beasts, and of birds, and of serpents, and of the rest, is tamed, and hath been tamed, by the nature of man: But the tongue no man can tame, an unquiet evil, full of deadly poison. By it we bless God and the Father: and by it we curse men, who are made after the likeness of God. Out of the same mouth proceedeth blessing and cursing. My brethren, these things ought not so to be. - James 3.2-10 DRB

2 comments:

Dan said...

Lance,

A question I keep meaning to ask you is the meaning of the Orthodox Cross. Why is the third cross piece angled?

Blessings!

Dan Thompson

Byzantine Christian said...

Dan,

Blessings-

there are several meanings to the third bar being angled.

1) It represents the actual foot rest of the cross(not that there necessarily really was one!).

2) it represents the Cross standing between Heaven & Earth

3) It represents those on the way to salvation and those on the way to damnation.

Here is some further commentary from Wikipedia:

"The Eastern Orthodox cross (also known as Crux Orthodoxa, the Byzantine cross, the Eastern cross, and the "Russian" cross) can be considered a modified version of the Patriarchal cross, having two smaller crossbeams, one at the top and one near the bottom, in addition to the longer crossbeam. The lower crossbeam represents the footrest (suppendaneum) to which the feet of Jesus were nailed. In most earlier representations (and still currently in the Greek Church) the crossbar near the bottom is straight. In later Russian and other traditions, it came to be depicted as slanted, with the side to the viewer's left usually being higher. One tradition says that this comes from the idea that as Jesus took his last breath, the bar his feet were nailed to broke, thus slanting to the side. It is also said that the slanted bar represents the repentant thief and the unrepentant thief that were crucified with Christ, the one to Jesus' right hand repenting and rising to be with God, and one on his left falling to Hell and separation from God. In this manner it also reminds the viewer of the Last Judgement. Another explanation of the slanted crossbar would suggest the Cross Saltire, as tradition holds that the Apostle St. Andrew introduced Christianity to lands north and west of the Black Sea: today's Romania, Moldova, Belarus, Russia, and Ukraine."

Blessings,

Lance

Famous Examples of Byzantine Icons

Famous Examples of Byzantine Icons
Theotokos of Vladimir, Protectress of Russia; 12th Century; gift of Patriarch of Constantinople to Grand Duke of Kiev, now in Tretyakov Gallery in Moscow

Andrei Rublev's famous Trinity Icon, early 15th century

Rublev's the Face (Christ the Saviour), 15th Century

Icon Not Made by Human Hand, by Simon Ushakov, Russia, 1658

Weeping Icon of Mariapoch, 17th Century, village of Poch, Hungary

Christ the Pantokrator, 6th century from St. Catherine's Monastery in Sinai

Preobrazhenie (The Transfiguration), Novgorod, 15th Century

Icon of the Dormition of the Mother of God, Novgorod, 13th Century

Christ Pantokrator, Mosaic from Hagia Sophia in Instanbul, end of 9th Century

Theotokos Enthroned, Hagia Sophia in Instanbul, 9th Century

Theotokos & Child, from the Apse of Hagia Sophia in Instanbul

Our Lady of the Sign- often seen on the Apse of Byzantine Churches

Icon of The Holy Protection (Pokrov), one of the most beloved images of the Theotokos in the Slavic Churches

Our Lady of the Gate of Dawn (Ostra Brama), painted by an unknown Lithuanian artist, 1630. Other names for this Icon: Joy of All Joys; Umilenie (Tenderness); Blessed Virgin Mary, Mother of Mercy. Although originally this is a Western style painting, it has been adopted by Byzantine Christians, most notably St. Seraphim of Sarov and the Diveyevo Monastery.
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Byzantine Christians and the Bible

Byzantine Christians and the Bible
Byzantine Christians no less than other Christians- love, cherish and read the Sacred Scriptures. We revere them as the oracles of God (Romans 3.2).

According to Bishop Kallistos Ware in his book, the Orthodox Church, it has been calculated that there are 96 quotes from the Old Testament and 114 quotes from the New Testament in the Divine Liturgy. The services for special feast days are replete with references from and allusions to sacred scripture. Our Sunday and weekday Byzantine Lectionary takes us practically all through the New Testament every year, and there are also readings from the Hebrew Scriptures during Lent, Vespers, and other services, especially major feasts. Traditionally, monks and nuns chant the entire Psalter weekly, and the psalms form the basis of several daily prayer services in the Divine Office, known in the East as the Horologion, or in Slavic Churches, Chasoslov (Часocлoвъ).

We see references to set hours of prayers in the New Testament itself. The Church simply took over the Psalms of the Bible as her prayer book from her elder brother in the faith, the Jews, who chanted the Psalms in the Temple and synagogues daily. References to prayer and prayers in Acts 2.42 and 1 Peter 4.7 in the original Greek use the definite article, and refer to the prayers. It is very likely these texts are referring to set prayers from the Psalms.

In the context of the Divine Liturgy, Christ is truly present when the priest chants the holy gospel, no less than Christ is truly present in bread and wine of the Holy Eucharist. Christ is speaking directly to us, in our midst, at the proclamation of the Gospel. Christ is truly present all through the Holy Sacrifice of the Divine Liturgy, both in the Liturgy of the Word and the Liturgy of the Eucharist. Thus is the Scripture fulfilled which says, "I will dwell in them, and walk among them; and I will be their God, and they shall be my people."- II Corinthians 6.16.

Byzantine theology is based on the Holy Bible and Holy Tradition, including the teaching of the Fathers, but much of the teaching of the Fathers is simply further exposition of the Scriptures themselves.

Many of the Monks, Nuns, and Church fathers memorized large portions of the Bible. St. Seraphim of Sarov, the great 19th Century Russian saint, read the entire New Testament through every week.

In conclusion, those of us in the Byzantine tradition are just as much Bible Christians as any one else. The Word of God is in our hearts! We love the Sacred Scripture and invite you to read them, in hopes that in them you will find the bread of life, comes down from heaven. (c.f. John 6.33).

Search the scriptures, for you think in them to have life everlasting; and the same are they that give testimony of me. - Our Lord, God & Saviour Jesus Christ, in John 5.39

(See the links above on the rights-side panel for reading & searching the Bible on line, and to purchase editions of the Bible recommended by Byzantine Christian)

A page from the Kiev Psalter of 1397 in Church Slavonic. It is also known as the Spiridon Psalter, and is preserved in the Russian National Library
Church Fathers on the Sacred Scripture

Irenaeus (2nd century CE):
"If one carefully reads the Scriptures, he will find there the word on the subject of Christ and the prefiguration of the new calling. He is indeed the hidden treasure in the field — the field in fact is the world — but in truth, the hidden treasure in the Scriptures is Christ. Because he is designed by types and words that humanly are not possible to understand before the accomplishment of all things, that is, Christ's second coming."

Origen (2nd - 3rd century CE):
"The Word of God is in your heart. The Word digs in this soil so that the spring may gush out." Origen also wrote: "[Christ's words] are not only those which he spoke when he became a man and tabernacled in the flesh; for before that time, Christ, the Word of God, was in Moses and the prophets. ...[their words] were filled with the Spirit of Christ."

Jerome (4th- 5th century CE):
"You are reading? No. Your betrothed is talking to you. It is your betrothed, that is, Christ, who is united with you. He tears you away from the solitude of the desert and brings you into his home, saying to you, 'Enter into the joy of your Master.'" Jerome also famously wrote, “Ignorance of the Scripture is ignorance of Christ.”

John Chrysostom (4th- 5th century CE):
"Listen carefully to me. Procure books [of the Bible] that will be medicines for the soul. At least get a copy of the New Testament, the Apostle's epistles, the Acts, the Gospels, for your constant teachers. If you encounter grief, dive into them as into a chest of medicines; take from them comfort for your trouble, whether it be loss, or death, or bereavement over the loss of relations. Don't simply dive into them. Swim in them. Keep them constantly in your mind. The cause of all evils is the failure to know the Scriptures well."


Coptic Bible

Oriental Churches

Oriental Churches
Coptic Icon of St. Mark, Writer of the Gospel and Founder of the Coptic Church

Ethiopian Orthodox Liturgy

Fr. Bede Griffiths celebrating the Holy Qurbono (The Mass) according to the Syro-Malankara Rite

His Holiness Karekin II, Catholicos and Supreme Patriarch of All Armenians

Mar Dinkha IV is is the current Catholicos-Patriarch of the Assyrian Church of the East

An official photo of Pope Shenouda III, 117th Pope of Alexandria and Patriarch of All Africa on the Apostolic Throne of St Mark

Coptic Icon of St. Anthony & St. Paul

Coptic Christian Church Relief Wall